Complete Guide to Hard Drives: Types, Capacities and Best Practices

Welcome to the fascinating world of hard drives! At the heart of the technological revolution, these silent heroes of storage are ready to surprise you. From their origins to their crucial role in our digital lives, we'll unveil the secrets behind how they work. Get ready to explore how hard disk drives shape our technological experience in this exciting and informative journey.

In this ever-evolving digital age, hard drives remain an essential part of computing and data storage. In this article, we will explore in depth the key concepts of hard drives, from their inner workings to their importance in the modern era of technology.

What is a hard disk and what is it used for?

A hard disk drive (also known as a hard disk drive or HDD) is a data storage device that uses spinning disks or platters coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve data. The function of the hard disk is to store all data and programs on a computer and allow the operating system and programs to access them quickly.

Some of the main functions of a hard disk are:

• Storing a computer's operating system, software applications and files. Without a hard disk, a computer would not be able to boot and run programs.
• Enable fast data access and retrieval. The hard drive spins disks and moves read/write heads to read and write data quickly.
• Serve as permanent storage. Even if the computer is turned off, the data on the hard disk remains intact. This makes it ideal for long-term data storage and backup.
• Offer a large amount of storage space. Hard drives are available in sizes up to 10 terabytes, allowing you to store thousands of files, photos, songs and videos.

In short, a hard disk is the essential internal storage for a computer and is ideal for storing large amounts of data permanently and accessing it quickly. It forms the basis for storing and running all your programs and files.

Hard Disk Drive Capacities

Low Capacity Hard Drives

Low capacity hard drives refer to those with relatively smaller storage capacities, generally in the range of 500GB to 2TB. More information about these hard drives is provided below:

Description of low-capacity hard disks:

• Low-capacity hard drives are those that offer more limited storage capacity compared to high-capacity hard drives.
• These hard drives tend to be more common in laptops, mobile devices and smaller scale storage systems.
• They may use HDD or SSD technology, depending on the type of hard drive used.

Common uses and recommended scenarios for low-capacity hard disks:

• Storage of personal data and documents on laptop and desktop computers.
• Use in backup and file storage systems of small businesses or individual users.
• Storage of applications and operating systems on mobile devices and tablets.
• Use in video game systems to store game and progress data.

High Capacity Hard Drives

High capacity hard drives refer to those with larger storage capacities, generally in the range of 4TB to 16TB. More information about these hard drives is provided below:

Description of high capacity hard disks:

• High-capacity hard drives are those that offer significantly higher storage capacity compared to low-capacity hard drives.
• These hard drives are ideal for applications that require large amounts of storage, such as servers, data centers and network-attached storage (NAS) systems.
• They can use either HDD or SSD technology, although HDD hard drives are more common due to their higher capacity.

Benefits and applications of high capacity hard disks:

• They enable mass storage of data such as multimedia files, databases, backup files and video surveillance files.
• They are ideal for enterprise and server applications that require reliable and scalable storage.
• Used in RAID configurations for redundancy and increased storage performance.
• Suitable for creative professionals who handle large files, such as graphic designers, video editors and photographers.

Technologies used to achieve higher capacities in hard disks:

• In HDD hard drives, higher capacities are achieved by adding more platters (disks) to the drive and increasing the data density per platter.
• Advances in magnetic recording technology allow more data to be stored on each square inch of disk surface.
• In SSD hard drives, higher capacities are achieved by adding more flash memory chips to the drive and using chip stacking technologies (3D NAND) to increase storage density.

Types of Hard Drives

When we talk about hard disks, we are exploring two fascinating worlds: the traditional HDD (Hard Disk Drive) and the modern SSD (Solid State Drive). Each of these types has its own unique technology and features that make them essential in the world of digital storage.

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs)

HDD Hard Drives have been a backbone of storage for decades. These devices contain a series of internal components that work in harmony to efficiently store and access data.

Internal Components

An HDD consists of rotating magnetic disks known as platters, which are stacked on top of each other on the disk spindle. The platters are coated with a magnetic layer and are read/written by read/write heads that move over their surface. The assembly is enclosed in a sealed housing to protect it from particles and dust.

Operation and Technology

The operation of an HDD is based on the use of magnetic fields to represent data in binary form. When a data needs to be accessed, the read/write head is positioned over the corresponding platter and reads the magnetic information. Although slower compared to SSDs, HDDs are still ideal for storing large amounts of data at a reasonable cost.

Description of HDD technology hard disks:

• HDD hard disks consist of one or more magnetic disks that spin at high speed.
• Each disk has a series of read/write heads that move rapidly over the disk surface to read and write data.
• The data is stored in the form of magnetic fields on the surface of the disks.
• The storage capacity of HDD hard disks can range from a few gigabytes to several terabytes.

Advantages and disadvantages of HDD hard disks:

• Advantages:
  • Higher storage capacity compared to SSDs.
  • Lower cost per gigabyte compared to SSDs.
  • Higher durability in terms of read/write cycles.
• Disadvantages:
  • Slower read and write speeds compared to SSDs.
  • Higher power consumption and heat generation.
  • Increased susceptibility to mechanical failure due to the presence of moving parts.

Recommended applications and use cases for HDD hard disks:

• Massive data storage in enterprise applications, such as file servers and backup systems.
• Use in desktop and notebook computers that require large storage capacity at a lower cost.
• Applications that do not require high data access speeds, such as media storage and backup files.

SSD Hard Drives (Solid State Drive)

SSD Hard Drives have revolutionized the world of storage by eliminating mechanical components and adopting solid state technology. This transition has resulted in a significant improvement in storage speed and efficiency.

Memory Cell Structure

An SSD is based on an array of NAND memory cells (floating gate cells) that store data electrically. These cells are organized into pages and blocks, and information is stored in the form of electrical charge in the cells. When data is accessed, the cells release or retain charge to represent binary values.

Speed and Efficiency Advantages

The absence of moving parts in SSDs results in extremely fast access speed, which translates into shorter boot times and faster response in opening applications. In addition, SSDs are more energy efficient and generate less heat than HDDs. Although their cost per gigabyte is higher compared to HDDs, the advantages in terms of performance and durability make them a popular choice for modern systems.

Description of SSD technology hard disks:

• SSD hard drives have no moving parts and are composed of flash memory chips.
• The information is stored in flash memory cells by means of electrical charges.
• The storage capacity of SSD hard disks can vary from a few gigabytes to several terabytes.

Fundamental differences between HDD and SSD hard drives:

• SSD hard drives have no moving parts, while HDDs use spinning platters and moving heads.
• SSDs have faster access times and higher read/write speeds compared to HDDs.
• SSDs are more resistant to shock and vibration due to the lack of mechanical parts.

Advantages and disadvantages of SSD hard drives:

• Advantages:
  • Faster read and write speeds, enabling faster data access and greater system responsiveness.
  • Lower power consumption and heat generation compared to HDDs.
  • Increased shock and vibration resistance.
• Disadvantages:
  • Higher cost per gigabyte compared to HDDs.
  • Increased wear and tear on flash memory cells over time, which can affect SSD lifespan.
  • Overall lower storage capacity compared to HDDs for the same price.

Recommended applications and use cases for SSD hard drives:

• Improved performance in operating systems and applications that require high read/write speed, such as video editing and graphic design.
• Use in notebook computers for higher performance and longer battery life.
• Application and game storage in gaming systems for faster loading and reduced response times.

Operating Principles

Understanding the fundamental principles behind hard drives is essential to appreciating how they store and retrieve information. From magnetic manipulation in HDDs to NAND technology in SSDs, these underlying mechanisms are crucial to our everyday technology experience.

Magnetism in HDD Hard Disk Drives

HDD hard disks use the property of magnetism to write and read data. Each platter in the HDD is coated with a magnetic layer. The read/write head, which floats over the platter surface at a microscopic distance, can generate very precise magnetic fields.

When a data is written, the head applies a magnetic field to the corresponding area of the platen. This causes the magnetic particles in the layer to change their orientation, thus representing a 0 or a 1 in the binary system. When a piece of data needs to be accessed, the head detects the magnetic orientation and translates this into computer-readable information.

NAND Technology in SSD Hard Drives

SSD hard drives use a solid-state memory technology called NAND (Not AND) to store and retrieve data. NAND cells are non-volatile storage devices, which means that they retain information even when the power is turned off.

NAND cells store data as electrical charge in an array of cells. Each cell represents one bit or several bits, depending on whether it is single-level (SLC), multi-level (MLC) or three-level (TLC). Data is read and written by applying electrical voltages to the cells. Modern SSDs use advanced controllers to manage the read and write to the cells, ensuring durability and optimal speed.

Understanding how magnetics and NAND technology are used in HDD and SSD hard drives, respectively, gives us a deeper insight into how data is stored and manipulated. These fundamental principles are the cornerstones of the digital storage revolution we are experiencing today.

Hard disk drives (HDD) vs. solid state drives (SSD)

Another important decision is whether to choose a traditional hard disk drive (HDD) with spinning disks or a solid state drive (SSD) with flash memory chips. HDDs are mechanical drives that store data on spinning disks, while SSDs are digital drives with no moving parts.

HDDs are generally more affordable, and higher capacity options are now available. However, they can be slower, more fragile and noisier than SSDs. SSDs offer faster performance, near-silent operation and greater durability because they have no moving parts. However, SSDs currently have lower maximum capacities and higher costs than HDDs.

For basic storage and backups, a hard drive is probably sufficient and more cost-effective. But for a fast boot drive or application performance, it is worth investing in an SSD. If budget allows, you can also combine HDD and SSD storage in your computer, using the SSD drive for system files and programs, while storing larger files on an HDD. The right choice depends on your priorities in terms of performance, capacity and budget.

Comparison between HDD and SSD

Choosing between HDD and SSD hard drives can be a challenge. Here we will discuss different aspects to help you make an informed decision based on your needs and preferences.

Performance and Access Time

SSDs outperform HDDs in terms of performance and access time. Due to the absence of moving parts, SSDs can access data almost instantaneously, resulting in shorter boot times and a faster overall experience. HDDs, due to their mechanical nature, require time for the heads to position and platters to spin, making them slower in comparison.

Energy Consumption and Heating

SSDs consume less power than HDDs due to the lack of moving parts and the energy efficiency of NAND technology. They also generate less heat during operation. In contrast, HDDs require more power to run the motors and platters in motion, resulting in higher power consumption and heat generation.

Longevity and Reliability

SSDs have an advantage in terms of durability and reliability. Since there are no moving parts to wear out over time, SSDs tend to be more resistant to shock and vibration. However, NAND cells have a limited number of write cycles before they can degrade. HDDs, while less resistant to shock, do not have this limitation in terms of write cycles.

In general, SSDs tend to be more reliable over the long term due to their solid structure and lower propensity for mechanical failure.

Factors to consider when choosing a Hard Drive

Speed and Performance

Speed and performance are key factors to consider when choosing a hard drive. The following details the importance of speed, the performance differences between HDD and SSD hard drives, and how to choose the right hard drive for your performance needs:

Importance of speed in hard disks:

The speed of a hard drive has a significant impact on overall system performance. A faster hard disk means faster access times, faster data transfers and greater responsiveness in general. This is especially relevant when loading applications, opening large files or performing disk-intensive tasks.

Performance differences between HDD and SSD hard drives:

• HDD hard disks: Hard disk drives (HDDs) use mechanical technology with moving parts, such as rotating platters and read/write heads. Because of this, their performance is limited by platter rotation speed (RPM) and head seek time. Although traditional HDDs have improved in terms of capacity, they are still slower compared to SSDs in terms of read/write speed and access times.
• SSD hard drives: Solid state hard drives (SSDs) have no moving parts and use flash memory to store and access data. This allows them to offer extremely fast access times and significantly higher read/write speeds compared to HDDs. SSDs are especially effective at improving performance for tasks that involve random data access, such as system startups, opening applications and transferring files.

How to choose the right hard drive for your performance needs:

1. Determine the type of hard drive: Evaluate the specific performance needs and the applications that will be running on the system. If high performance and fast response is required, opt for an SSD hard drive. If storage capacity is a priority and performance is not a primary concern, HDD hard drives may be a more economical choice.
2. Consider capacity and budget: SSDs tend to be more expensive per gigabyte than HDDs, so consider the available budget and storage space required. In some cases, it may be useful to use a combination of both types of hard drives, using an SSD for the operating system and core applications, and an HDD for data storage.
3. Review performance specifications: When comparing HDDs, it is important to review performance specifications, such as read/write speed, data transfer rates and access times. These figures will provide an indication of the hard drive's speed and responsiveness.
4. Read reviews and opinions: Researching reviews and opinions from other users about different hard drive models can help provide additional information about product performance and reliability.

Reliability and Durability

Reliability and durability are crucial aspects to consider when choosing a hard drive. The following are the factors to consider in terms of reliability and durability, the technologies and features that ensure hard drive reliability, and some recommendations for maximizing the life of the hard drive:

Factors to consider in terms of hard disk reliability and durability:

1. Manufacturer quality: It is important to select a hard drive from a reliable, industry-recognized manufacturer. Reputable manufacturers usually have more stringent quality controls and offer stronger warranties.
2. Hard drive type: Solid state drives (SSDs) tend to be more reliable and durable than hard disk drives (HDDs). This is because SSDs have no moving parts, which reduces the risk of mechanical failure.
3. Operating environment: The environment in which the hard drive is used can affect its reliability and durability. It is important to keep the hard drive in proper temperature and humidity conditions. In addition, protecting it from shocks, vibrations and drops can prevent physical damage and prolong its life.
4. Proper use: Using the hard drive according to the manufacturer's specifications and recommendations is essential. Avoiding sudden movements while in use and not overloading it excessively can help prevent premature failure.

Technologies and features that ensure hard disk reliability:

1. Error correction technology: Modern hard drives use error correction techniques, such as error correction code (ECC), to detect and correct errors in stored data. This helps maintain data integrity and reduce the possibility of corruption.
2. Self-monitoring and self-diagnostic technology (S.M.A.R.T.): Hard drives often have monitoring and self-diagnostic features that detect potential problems, such as bad sectors or read/write errors. These technologies alert the user to possible impending failures, providing an opportunity to take preventive action.
3. Shock protection technology: Some hard drives, especially those designed for portable devices, are equipped with shock protection technology. This technology uses accelerometers or motion sensors to detect sudden movements and park the read/write heads, thus protecting the platters and heads from damage.

Recommendations to maximize hard disk life:

1. Proper maintenance: Performing regular system maintenance, such as cleaning up unnecessary files and defragmenting the hard disk in the case of HDDs, can help maintain their performance and prolong their lifespan.
2. Upgrades and patches: Keeping hard disk firmware up to date with the latest versions and applying relevant security patches helps ensure optimal performance and increased reliability.
3. Regular backups: Regularly backing up important data to other storage devices helps safeguard information in the event of hard drive failure.
4. Avoid sudden movements: Avoid bumping and dropping the hard drive, especially when it is in operation, can prevent physical damage and prolong its useful life.

Internal vs. external hard drives

One of the first decisions you need to make is whether you want an internal hard drive installed inside the computer or an external hard drive in its own enclosure, connected outside the computer.

Internal hard drives are ideal if you want to add more storage space for your operating system, programs and files. They are usually faster and more affordable than external drives. However, they require installing the drive in an available bay in the computer case and connecting it to the motherboard, something not everyone is comfortable doing on their own. External hard drives are more portable and connect via USB, but they tend to be a bit slower and more expensive per gigabyte than internal drives.

For backing up data or storing additional files, external hard drives are handy, as they can be connected and disconnected from any computer with a USB port. However, to install an operating system or application software, an internal drive is usually necessary. In the end, it all depends on your technical knowledge, your budget and the intended use of the hard drive.

Uses and Applications

Hard drives have transformed the way we store and access data in a variety of contexts, from personal use to enterprise and server environments. We will explore how hard drives are the backbone of various technology applications.

Personal and Professional Storage

On a personal level, hard drives are essential tools for storing photos, videos, documents and other digital files. Ever-increasing storage capacities allow users to keep their digital lives organized and backed up. In addition, external hard drives are useful for taking data anywhere and sharing it easily.

In the professional environment, hard drives are used by businesses and freelancers to store critical files and data. Backup and cloud storage systems also rely on hard drives to keep business data secure.

Gaming and Multimedia

The video game and multimedia entertainment industry relies heavily on hard drives. Modern games take up large amounts of space, and high-capacity hard drives allow gamers to store their favorite titles without hassle. Hard drives are also essential for editing and storing multimedia content, such as high-definition videos and graphic design projects.

Use in Servers and Data Centers

In the enterprise environment, servers and data centers use hard disks to store and access large volumes of data in real time. Hard disks are essential to the technology infrastructure of companies of all sizes, from small businesses to multinational giants. Hard disk-based servers manage web applications, databases, e-mail and other essential services.

In data centers, hard disks are critical to maintaining data availability and redundancy. These systems need massive storage capacity and fast access speeds to ensure optimal performance of online services.

Hard disk drives play a crucial role in a wide range of applications, from meeting personal storage needs to supporting enterprise technology infrastructure. Their versatility and adaptability make them an essential technology in the modern information and communication age.

Maintenance and Best Practices

Data Backup and Recovery

Proper maintenance and implementation of best practices are critical to ensure data integrity and hard drive durability. In this regard, it is essential to consider backups and data recovery. The following points are developed below:

Importance of backups and recommended strategies:

Backups are essential to protect the data stored on a hard disk and to avoid irreparable loss of information in case of failures or incidents. Some reasons why backups are important include:

1. Hard disk failure protection: Hard disks can experience mechanical failures, read/write errors or other technical problems that could result in data loss. Backups make it possible to recover lost data and minimize the impact of a hard drive failure.
2. Preventing data loss due to human error: Human errors, such as accidentally deleting files or improperly formatting the hard drive, can result in data loss. Backups provide a way to restore data to a previous state before the error occurred.
3. Protection against malware and ransomware attacks: Malware attacks, such as ransomware, can encrypt or delete data on the hard drive. Having up-to-date backups stored in a secure location allows data to be recovered without having to pay a ransom.

Some recommended strategies for backing up hard drives include:

1. Schedule regular backups: Establishing a schedule for automatic backups ensures that data is backed up consistently without relying on memory or manual action by the user.
2. Use a combination of backup methods: It is advisable to use a combination of backup methods, such as cloud backups, backups to external drives or additional hard drives, for additional protection and data redundancy.
3. Maintain multiple backup versions: Keeping multiple backup versions allows access to previous versions of files in case a previous version needs to be restored.

Tools and methods for backing up hard disks:

There are several tools and methods for backing up hard disks, among which are the following:

1. Backup software: There are a wide range of backup software available that allow you to schedule and automate the data backup process. Some popular options include Acronis True Image, EaseUS Todo Backup, and macOS Time Machine.
2. Cloud backup: Cloud storage services such as Google Drive, Dropbox, and Microsoft OneDrive provide the ability to securely back up and access data from anywhere with an Internet connection.
3. Backup to external drives: Using external drives, such as external hard drives or USB flash drives, is a convenient way to back up and store data physically outside the main system.

Data recovery: how to deal with possible failures and data loss:

In the event of a hard disk failure or data loss, it is important to follow some guidelines to try to recover the information:

1. Avoid writing to the affected hard drive: If a hard drive failure is suspected, it is advisable to immediately stop using the hard drive and avoid writing new data to it. This can help prevent data overwriting and increase the chances of recovery.
2. Consult a data recovery specialist: In more serious situations, such as mechanical failures of the hard drive, it may be necessary to call in a data recovery specialist. These professionals have specialized tools and expertise to attempt to recover data from damaged hard drives.
3. Use data recovery software: In some cases, data recovery software can be used to attempt to restore deleted or damaged files. There are several software options, such as Recuva, EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard and TestDisk, that can scan the hard drive for lost data and assist in its recovery.

It is important to note that the possibility of recovering data may depend on the type and degree of damage to the hard drive. In severe situations, it may not be possible to recover all the information, therefore, it is essential to have up-to-date backups to avoid total data loss.

Space Optimization and File Organization

Storage space optimization and efficient file organization are important aspects of keeping a hard disk tidy and maximizing its performance. The following points are discussed below:

Strategies to maximize hard disk storage space:

1. Delete unnecessary files: Regularly review your hard drive and delete unnecessary files, such as old documents, unused programs, temporary files and duplicate files. This frees up valuable hard drive space and helps keep your hard drive organized.
2. Compress files: Use compression tools, such as ZIP or RAR, to compress large files and reduce their size on the hard drive. This is especially useful for files that are not frequently used, such as backup files or program installation files.
3. Move files to external drives: Transfer large or less frequently used files to external drives, such as external hard drives or USB flash drives. This helps free up space on the main hard drive and allows you to access files when needed.

Methods to efficiently organize and manage files on the hard disk:

1. Use a logical folder structure: Creating a well-organized and hierarchical folder structure makes it easier to find and quickly access files. For example, you can create main folders for different categories (documents, images, music, etc.) and subfolders within each for further classification.
2. Naming files descriptively: Assigning clear and descriptive names to files helps to identify their contents without having to open them. Using consistent formatting and adding relevant keywords in file names can make files easier to find and sort.
3. Tag and use metadata: Some operating systems and applications allow you to add tags and metadata to files. These tags and metadata can include information such as keywords, creation date, author, category, etc. Using these functions helps to organize and search files more efficiently.

Useful tools and utilities for space optimization and file organization:

1. Disk space savers: Operating systems usually have built-in tools that allow you to free up disk space by deleting temporary files, caches and other unnecessary items. For example, in Windows there is the "Disk Cleanup" tool and in macOS there is the "Storage" option in the System Preferences.
2. File cleanup and organization applications: There are a number of third-party applications that help clean up and organize the hard drive more effectively. Some popular options include CCleaner, CleanMyMac, and WinDirStat. These applications scan the hard drive, identify unnecessary files, and provide options to safely delete them.
3. File management software: Some specialized file management programs offer advanced features to organize and manage files efficiently. These programs provide features such as advanced search, file tagging, folder synchronization and more. Examples of file management software include Directory Opus, XYplorer and Total Commander.

Future of Hard Disk Drives

Hard drives have evolved steadily over the years, and their future promises even more innovation and advancements. We will explore the emerging technologies that are shaping the future of hard drives and consider the alternatives that are emerging in the storage world.

Emerging Technologies

Emerging technologies are transforming the capacity and performance of hard disk drives, keeping them relevant in the era of solid-state technology. An overview of these technologies includes Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR), Multi-Actuator and Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR), among others.

• Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR): This technique increases storage density by overlapping magnetic tracks, allowing more data in the same space. However, this can have an impact on write speed.
• Multi-Actuator: Implementing multiple actuators on a hard disk improves data access speed, as each actuator can work independently. This increases efficiency and decreases waiting times.
• Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR): Using high-precision lasers, HAMR allows data to be written to smaller areas of the magnetic surface, increasing storage density and capacity.

These emerging technologies have the potential to revolutionize the capacity, speed and reliability of hard disk drives, enabling them to compete with newer storage alternatives.

Alternatives to Hard Disk Storage

As alternatives to hard disk storage gain ground, it is crucial to understand how they compare to traditional hard disks.

• Cloud storage: The cloud offers scalable storage and convenient remote access. However, dependence on connectivity and security concerns are important considerations.
• External solid-state storage: External solid-state drives offer high speed and portability. They are ideal for data transport and performance enhancement of existing devices.

Other specifications to be considered

Beyond the general decisions of internal vs. external hard drive and hard drive vs. SSD, there are some additional specifications to consider when choosing a hard drive:

• Interface: For internal drives, the interface is usually SATA, while external drives use USB. Faster interfaces such as USB 3.0 or Thunderbolt allow faster transfer speeds than older, slower interfaces.
• Cache size: The cache or buffer stores temporary data and can improve the read/write speed of hard drives. Larger cache sizes tend to offer better performance, especially for tasks such as gaming or video editing.
• Drive speed: In hard drives, the drive speed or RPM rating influences data access speed: the higher the RPM, the faster the speed. Drive speed is not a factor for SSDs.
• Form factor: Choose a drive that is compatible with your computer's bays or has an enclosure that is compatible with its ports (for external drives). Standard internal drive sizes are 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch, while external drives usually have USB-compatible enclosures.

Think about what you're going to use the drive for and choose the specifications that fit your priorities, whether it's maximizing speed, minimizing costs or ensuring compatibility with your system. With a little research into the options, you can find a hard drive with the right balance of specifications for your needs and budget.

Recommendations and conclusions

With all the internal/external and HDD/SSD drive options, how do you choose the best hard drive for your needs? Here are some recommendations:

• For basic storage and backup, a 1-4 TB external hard drive is a good and affordable option. Western Digital and Seagate offer reliable external hard drives with USB 3.0 connectivity and reasonable prices.
• For faster boot and load times, purchase a 250-500 GB internal SSD. The Samsung 860 EVO and Crucial MX500 are good performance SSDs at reasonable prices.
• For high-end performance and gaming, consider a faster internal NVMe SSD such as the Samsung 970 EVO or WD Black SN750. The super-fast speeds of NVMe drives can dramatically reduce load times, although they come at a higher cost.

In the end, weigh the options based on your needs, technical expertise and budget. If speed is a priority and you can afford the cost, an internal SSD is the way to go. If you want extra storage for less money, an external hard drive is sufficient. And if you want the best in both speed and storage, you may prefer a smaller SSD for programs and a larger external hard drive for files.

With the range of hard drives available today, you can find one that suits your needs and budget. By doing your research to learn the pros and cons of different types of internal and external drives, hard drives and solid state drives, and other specifications, you can choose a hard drive with confidence.